Kathryn C. Lavelle, the Ellen and Dixon Long Professor in World Affairs in the Department of Political Science at Case Western Reserve University, and her co-author, Liselotte Odgaard, wrote an article for Environment and Security titled “The Arctic Council, the International Maritime Organization and the Polar Code.”
They investigated what factors explain the emergence of the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters adopted in 2014, and how powerful states worked through the Arctic Council and International Maritime Organization to establish it.